Is there a way to have some kind of default constructor (like a C++ one) for C user types defined with a structure?
I already have a macro which works like a fast initializer (like the one for pthread_mutex) but I wanted to know if you can by any chance have some (or all) fields of a struct filled at declaration.
For instance, with the pthread_mutex example, I would like
pthread_mutex_t my_mutex; to have the same effect as
pthread_mutex_t my_mutex = PTHREAD_MUTEX_INITIALIZER; 13 Answers
You can create initializer functions that take a pointer to a structure. This was common practice.
Also functions that create a struct and initialize it (like a factory) - so there is never a time where the struct is "uninitialized" in the "client" code. Of course - that assumes people follow the convention and use the "constructor"/factory...
horrible pseudo code with NO error checking on malloc or free
somestruct* somestruct_factory(/* per haps some initializer agrs? */) { malloc some stuff fill in some stuff return pointer to malloced stuff } void somestruct_destructor(somestruct*) { do cleanup stuff and also free pointer free(somestruct); } Someone will probably come along and explain how some early C++ preprocessors/compilers worked to do this all in C.
4C++ is different from C in this case in the respect that it has no "classes". However, C (as many other languages) can still be used for object oriented programming. In this case, your constructor can be a function that initializes a struct. This is the same as constructors (only a different syntax). Another difference is that you have to allocate the object using malloc() (or some variant). In C++ you would simlpy use the 'new' operator.
e.g. C++ code:
class A { public: A() { a = 0; } int a; }; int main() { A b; A *c = new A; return 0; } equivalent C code:
struct A { int a; }; void init_A_types(struct A* t) { t->a = 0; } int main() { struct A b; struct A *c = malloc(sizeof(struct A)); init_A_types(&b); init_A_types(c); return 0; } the function 'init_A_types' functions as a constructor would in C++.
Let's talk about the complete engineering solution that was considered best practice in the olden days.
The problem with structs is that everything is public so there is no data hiding.
We can fix that.
You create two header files. One is the "public" header file used by clients of your code. It contains definitions like this:
typedef struct t_ProcessStruct *t_ProcessHandle; extern t_ProcessHandle NewProcess(); extern void DisposeProcess(t_ProcessHandle handle); typedef struct t_PermissionsStruct *t_PermissionsHandle; extern t_PermissionsHandle NewPermissions(); extern void DisposePermissions(t_PermissionsHandle handle); extern void SetProcessPermissions(t_ProcessHandle proc, t_PermissionsHandle perm); then you create a private header file that contains definitions like this:
typedef void (*fDisposeFunction)(void *memoryBlock); typedef struct { fDisposeFunction _dispose; } t_DisposableStruct; typedef struct { t_DisposableStruct_disposer; /* must be first */ PID _pid; /* etc */ } t_ProcessStruct; typedef struct { t_DisposableStruct_disposer; /* must be first */ PERM_FLAGS _flags; /* etc */ } t_PermissionsStruct; and then in your implementation you can do something like this:
static void DisposeMallocBlock(void *process) { if (process) free(process); } static void *NewMallocedDisposer(size_t size) { assert(size > sizeof(t_DisposableStruct); t_DisposableStruct *disp = (t_DisposableStruct *)malloc(size); if (disp) { disp->_dispose = DisposeMallocBlock; } return disp; } static void DisposeUsingDisposer(t_DisposableStruct *ds) { assert(ds); ds->_dispose(ds); } t_ProcessHandle NewProcess() { t_ProcessHandle proc = (t_ProcessHandle)NewMallocedDisposer(sizeof(t_ProcessStruct)); if (proc) { proc->PID = NextPID(); /* etc */ } return proc; } void DisposeProcess(t_ProcessHandle proc) { DisposeUsingDisposer(&(proc->_disposer)); } What happens is that you make forward declarations for your structs in your public header files. Now your structs are opaque, which means clients can't dick with them. Then, in the full declaration, you include a destructor at the beginning of every struct which you can call generically. You can use the same malloc allocator for everyone the same dispose function and so. You make public set/get functions for the elements you want exposed.
Suddenly, your code is much more sane. You can only get structs from allocators or function that call allocators, which means you can bottleneck initialization. You build in destructors so that the object can be destroyed. And on you go. By the way, a better name than t_DisposableStruct might be t_vTableStruct, because that's what it is. You can now build virtual inheritance by having a vTableStruct which is all function pointers. You can also do things that you can't do in a pure oo language (typically), like changing select elements of the vtable on the fly.
The important point is that there is an engineering pattern for making structs safe and initializable.
1No, not directly. The closest you could do is to write a function that allocated an instance and populated some of the fields.
You can write a function that returns the C struct:
struct file create_file(int i, float f) { struct file obj = { i, f }; // other code here... return obj; } If you wonder whether you can have "normal" member functions in C. Well, you can to some extent. I prefer the object-as-first-argument style. You pass a pointer to your struct as the first argument. This way, you can have several functions, defining the interface to your objects:
int file_get_integer(struct file *self) { return self->i; } float file_get_float(struct file *self) { return self->f; } If you write in that style, what you have at the end is an abstract data-type. I've seen guys emulating the member function call syntax used in C++ by having function pointers into their struct and then doing:
obj.get_integer(&obj); It's used by the linux kernel for defining the interface to file system drivers. It's a style of writing that one may like, or may not like. I don't like it too much, because i keep using members of structures for data and not for emulating member functions calls to look like in popular object oriented languages.
4Basically, C++ creates lists of pointers which contain the addresses of methods. This list is called a class definition (there is some more data in the class def, but we ignore that for now).
A common pattern to have "classes" in pure C is to define a "struct class". One of the fields of the struct is a factory function which returns "instances" of the class. I suggest to use a macro to hide the casts:
typedef struct __class * class; typedef void (*ctor_ptr)(class); struct class { char * name; ctor_ptr ctor; ... destructor and other stuff ... } #define NEW(clz) ((struct something *)(((struct class *)clz)->ctor(clz))) Now, you can define the classes you have by creating structures of type "struct class" for each class you have and then call the constructor stored in them. The same goes for the destructor, etc.
If you want methods for your instances, must put them into the class structures and keep a pointer to the class in the instance struct:
#define NEW_SOMETHING() ((struct something *)NEW(&something_definition)) #define METHOD(inst, arg) ((struct something_class *)(((struct something *)inst)->clz)->method(inst, arg)) NEW_SOMETHING will create a new instance of "something" using the class definition stored in the structure something_definition. METHOD will invoke a "method" on this instance. Note that for real code, you will want to check that inst is actually an instance of something (compare the class pointers, something like that).
To have inheritance is a bit tricky and left as an exercise for the reader.
Note that you can do everything you can do in C++ in pure C. A C++ compiler does not magically replace your CPU with something else. It just takes a lot more code to do it.
If you want to look at an example, check out glib (part of the Gtk+ project).
4Assuming that you want to do this in C, so your question isn't about structs in C++:
What I usually do is that I just create a function, init_whatever, that takes a pointer to the struct (or other variable), and sets it to the values I want.
If it is a global variable (which is initialized to zero) you could sort of simulate an argument-less constructor by having an "initialized" flag in it, and then let your other functions check that flag, and initialize the struct if the flag is zero. I'm not at all sure that this is a good idea, though.
And, as someone else noted, you could also do something horrible with macros...
Using functions to create and dispose of structures has already been mentioned. But in a comment you mentioned that you wanted a "default constructor" - I think you mean that you want to initialize some (all?) of the struct fields to default values.
This is done in C using some coding convention -- either functions, macros, or a mix. I usually do it something like the following --
struct some_struct { int a; float b; }; #define some_struct_DEFAULT { 0, 0.0f} struct some_struct *some_struct_create(void) { struct some_struct *ptr = malloc(sizeof some_struct); if(!ptr) return ptr; *ptr = some_struct_DEFAULT; return ptr; } // (...) struct some_struct on_stack = some_struct_DEFAULT; struct some_struct *on_heap = some_struct_create(); Here's a little macro magic around malloc(), memcpy() and C99 compound literals:
#include <stdlib.h> #include <string.h> #include <stdio.h> #define new(TYPE, ...) memdup(&(TYPE){ __VA_ARGS__ }, sizeof(TYPE)) void * memdup(const void * obj, size_t size) { void * copy = malloc(size); return copy ? memcpy(copy, obj, size) : NULL; } struct point { int x; int y; }; int main() { int * i = new(int, 1); struct point * p = new(struct point, 2, 3); printf("%i %i %i", *i, p->x, p->y); return 0; } Following is a simple program that makes use of a constructor. Function "default_constructor" gets called inside main without any explicit function call.
#include <stdio.h> void __attribute__ ((constructor)) default_constructor() { printf("%s\n", __FUNCTION__); } int main() { printf("%s\n",__FUNCTION__); return 0; } Output: default_constructor main
Within the constructor function you can include some initialization statements and use the destructor function to free memory as follows,
#include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> struct somestruct { int empid; char * name; }; struct somestruct * str1; void __attribute__ ((constructor)) a_constructor() { str1 = (struct somestruct *) malloc (sizeof(struct somestruct)); str1 -> empid = 30228; str1 -> name = "Nandan"; } void __attribute__ ((destructor)) a_destructor() { free(str1); } int main() { printf("ID = %d\nName = %s\n", str1 -> empid, str1 -> name); return 0; } Hope this will help you.
Not really. If I remember correctly, the closest you get to classes are structures. You allocate memory and populate the fields. I don't see how you would make a generic constructor type thing for this. Theoretically, you could write a macro which would do some of this. Not sure if that is really worthwhile though.
4You might want to take a look at a C++ compiler. It gives you more object oriented features than you can remember in a language having a C-like syntax in a more elegant and standard way than trying to bolt constructors and so forth onto C with libraries and macros.
If that doesn't work for you then take a look at GObject. . It is an object system for C used in GTK and Gnome that pretty much cranks "objects in C" to 11.
From Wikipedia:
The GLib Object System, or GObject, is a free software library (covered by the LGPL) that provides a portable object system and transparent cross-language interoperability.
The system supports constructors, destructors, single inheritance, interfaces, virtual public and private methods and so forth. It's also much more tedious and difficult than doing the same things in C++. Have fun!
No, structs are nothing but a bunch of data. You cannot declare functions within the structs, so there is no way to create a constructor for it.
6
