I've been updating some of my old code and answers with Swift 3 but when I got to Swift Strings and Indexing it has been a pain to understand things.

Specifically I was trying the following:

let str = "Hello, playground" let prefixRange = str.startIndex..<str.startIndex.advancedBy(5) // error 

where the second line was giving me the following error

'advancedBy' is unavailable: To advance an index by n steps call 'index(_:offsetBy:)' on the CharacterView instance that produced the index.

I see that String has the following methods.

str.index(after: String.Index) str.index(before: String.Index) str.index(String.Index, offsetBy: String.IndexDistance) str.index(String.Index, offsetBy: String.IndexDistance, limitedBy: String.Index) 

These were really confusing me at first so I started playing around with them until I understood them. I am adding an answer below to show how they are used.

5 Answers

All of the following examples use

var str = "Hello, playground" 

startIndex and endIndex

• startIndex is the index of the first character
• endIndex is the index after the last character.

Example

// character str[str.startIndex] // H str[str.endIndex] // error: after last character // range let range = str.startIndex..<str.endIndex str[range] // "Hello, playground" 

With Swift 4's one-sided ranges, the range can be simplified to one of the following forms.

let range = str.startIndex... let range = ..<str.endIndex 

I will use the full form in the follow examples for the sake of clarity, but for the sake of readability, you will probably want to use the one-sided ranges in your code.

after

As in: index(after: String.Index)

• after refers to the index of the character directly after the given index.

Examples

// character let index = str.index(after: str.startIndex) str[index] // "e" // range let range = str.index(after: str.startIndex)..<str.endIndex str[range] // "ello, playground" 

before

As in: index(before: String.Index)

• before refers to the index of the character directly before the given index.

Examples

// character let index = str.index(before: str.endIndex) str[index] // d // range let range = str.startIndex..<str.index(before: str.endIndex) str[range] // Hello, playgroun 

offsetBy

As in: index(String.Index, offsetBy: String.IndexDistance)

• The offsetBy value can be positive or negative and starts from the given index. Although it is of the type String.IndexDistance, you can give it an Int.

Examples

// character let index = str.index(str.startIndex, offsetBy: 7) str[index] // p // range let start = str.index(str.startIndex, offsetBy: 7) let end = str.index(str.endIndex, offsetBy: -6) let range = start..<end str[range] // play 

limitedBy

As in: index(String.Index, offsetBy: String.IndexDistance, limitedBy: String.Index)

• The limitedBy is useful for making sure that the offset does not cause the index to go out of bounds. It is a bounding index. Since it is possible for the offset to exceed the limit, this method returns an Optional. It returns nil if the index is out of bounds.

Example

// character if let index = str.index(str.startIndex, offsetBy: 7, limitedBy: str.endIndex) { str[index] // p } 

If the offset had been 77 instead of 7, then the if statement would have been skipped.

Why is String.Index needed?

It would be much easier to use an Int index for Strings. The reason that you have to create a new String.Index for every String is that Characters in Swift are not all the same length under the hood. A single Swift Character might be composed of one, two, or even more Unicode code points. Thus each unique String must calculate the indexes of its Characters.

It is possible to hide this complexity behind an Int index extension, but I am reluctant to do so. It is good to be reminded of what is actually happening.

I appreciate this question and all the info with it. I have something in mind that's kind of a question and an answer when it comes to String.Index.

I'm trying to see if there is an O(1) way to access a Substring (or Character) inside a String because string.index(startIndex, offsetBy: 1) is O(n) speed if you look at the definition of index function. Of course we can do something like:

let characterArray = Array(string) 

then access any position in the characterArray however SPACE complexity of this is n = length of string, O(n) so it's kind of a waste of space.

I was looking at Swift.String documentation in Xcode and there is a frozen public struct called Index. We can initialize is as:

let index = String.Index(encodedOffset: 0) 

Then simply access or print any index in our String object as such:

print(string[index]) 

Note: be careful not to go out of bounds`

This works and that's great but what is the run-time and space complexity of doing it this way? Is it any better?

If you want to hide the complexity of these functions, you can use this extension:

let str = "😀 Hello" str[0] //😀 

extension String { subscript(_ index: Int) -> Character? { guard index >= 0, index < self.count else { return nil } return self[self.index(self.startIndex, offsetBy: index)] } } 

func change(string: inout String) { var character: Character = .normal enum Character { case space case newLine case normal } for i in stride(from: string.count - 1, through: 0, by: -1) { // first get index let index: String.Index? if i != 0 { index = string.index(after: string.index(string.startIndex, offsetBy: i - 1)) } else { index = string.startIndex } if string[index!] == "\n" { if character != .normal { if character == .newLine { string.remove(at: index!) } else if character == .space { let number = string.index(after: string.index(string.startIndex, offsetBy: i)) if string[number] == " " { string.remove(at: number) } character = .newLine } } else { character = .newLine } } else if string[index!] == " " { if character != .normal { string.remove(at: index!) } else { character = .space } } else { character = .normal } } // startIndex guard string.count > 0 else { return } if string[string.startIndex] == "\n" || string[string.startIndex] == " " { string.remove(at: string.startIndex) } // endIndex - here is a little more complicated! guard string.count > 0 else { return } let index = string.index(before: string.endIndex) if string[index] == "\n" || string[index] == " " { string.remove(at: index) } } 

Create a UITextView inside of a tableViewController. I used function: textViewDidChange and then checked for return-key-input. then if it detected return-key-input, delete the input of return key and dismiss keyboard.

func textViewDidChange(_ textView: UITextView) { tableView.beginUpdates() if textView.text.contains("\n"){ textView.text.remove(at: textView.text.index(before: textView.text.endIndex)) textView.resignFirstResponder() } tableView.endUpdates() }